Alternative Layer 1 Networks

Alternative Layer 1 Networks groups sovereign base-layer systems that maintain their own consensus, node set, execution environment and fee model. The category includes smart-contract chains, payment ledgers, modular data-availability networks and other independent architectures whose security is not inherited from a host chain. Coverage belongs here when it compares protocol design, finality, node operation, upgrades, interoperability, governance or developer ecosystems across several networks. A named chain should use its own tag, while token trading and valuation remain separate unless fees, staking or security are the subject.